Meta-análisis del efecto de la recreación en el desarrollo de la autoestima
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2022
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INIE
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Esta investigación consistió en un meta-análisis cuyo objetivo general se basó en analizar el efecto de la recreación en la autoestima y las posibles variables que la moderan. La búsqueda de los artículos en las nueve bases concluyó en junio del 2021. Los criterios de inclusión fueron: uso de una intervención recreativa estructurada para mejorar la autoestima, tipo de diseño de los estudios, características de la población, idiomas español o inglés en que fue publicada la investigación y la inclusión de la estadística descriptiva necesaria para calcular el tamaño del efecto (TE). No se excluyeron investigaciones por año de publicación. La selección y codificación de los estudios se realizó de manera independiente por las dos autoras y luego se consensuaron. La calidad de las investigaciones se determinó con la adaptación de la escala TESTEX. Para calcular los TE se utilizó el diseño intra-grupos y para establecer los TE individuales y el global se usó el Modelo de efectos aleatorios. El análisis estadístico consistió en calcular el TE global del grupo experimental, grupo control y los grupos de comparación; en determinar la heterogeneidad mediante la Q y la inconsistencia por medio de la I2 y, además, en establecer la significancia de los TE usando los intervalos de confianza. Para analizar las variables moderadoras se realizó análisis subgrupo y regresión meta-analítica, con el programa estadístico OpenMEE. En total se incluyeron 55 investigaciones, lo que representó 3782 participantes y 117 TE. Los resultados indicaron que el TE del grupo experimental fue significativo, positivo y con una magnitud moderada (TE= 0,70; p < 0,001; IC95% = 0,51 a 0,88; Q = 489,84; I2= 89,48%). En el caso del grupo control y los grupos de comparación, el TE resultó bajo y no significativo. Además, se halló que el tipo de actividad recreativa (AR), la condición de la muestra y el tipo de dirección de la AR fueron variables que moderaron de manera significativa el TE de la autoestima. En conclusión, personas de ambos sexos y con edades entre los 9,5 y 79 años que participaron en programas recreativos obtuvieron una mejora en la autoestima global. Este beneficio fue mayor cuando se realizaron AR físicas y artísticas, además cuando las actividades fueron dirigidas por una persona experta o por una combinación entre dirección por alguien más y por autodirección de quien participaba. Asimismo, el beneficio fue mayor en población caracterizada por su condición etaria o académica. Estos hallazgos se podrían emplear en educación formal, durante la preparación profesional de estudiantes de grado y posgrado de la Escuela de Educación Física y Deportes y de la Maestría Profesional en Recreación de la Universidad de Costa Rica, para que los consideren al planear y poner en práctica programas de recreación que pretendan promover la autoestima de la población participante. También, se puede fomentar la educación no formal de docentes, personal investigador y participantes en programas recreativos que estén interesados en el tema. Este proyecto fue parte del Programa de Educación y Contextos Socioculturales del INIE.
ABSTRACT: This research consisted in meta-analysis whose general objective was based on analyzing the effect of recreation on self-esteem and the possible variables that moderate it. The search for the articles in the nine databases concluded in June 2021. The inclusion criteria were: use of a structured recreational intervention to improve self-esteem, type of study design, population characteristics, Spanish or English languages in which the research was published and the descriptive statistics necessary to calculate the effect size (TE) were included. Research by year of publication was not excluded. The selection and coding of the studies was carried out independently by the two authors and they were later agreed upon. The quality of the research will be prolonged with the adaptation of the TESTEX scale. To calculate the ES, the intra-group design was obtained and to establish the individual ES and the global one, the Random Effects Model was used. Statistical analysis consisted of calculating the overall ES of the experimental group, control group, and comparison groups; in determining the heterogeneity through the Q and the inconsistency through the I2 and, in addition, in establishing the significance of the ES using the confidence intervals. To analyze the moderator variables, a subgroup analysis and meta-analytic regression were performed with the OpenMEE statistical program. In total, 55 investigations were included, which represented 3782 participants and 117 TE. The results indicated that the TE of the experimental group was significant, positive and with a moderate magnitude (ES= 0.70; p < 0.001; 95% CI = 0.51 to 0.88; Q = 489.84; I2= 89.48%). In the case of the control group and the comparison groups, the ES was low and not significant. In addition, it was found that the type of recreational activity (RA), the condition of the sample, and the type of AR direction were variables that significantly moderated the ES of self-esteem. In conclusion, people of both sexes and between the ages of 9.5 and 79 who participated in recreational programs obtained an improvement in global self-esteem. This benefit was greater when physical and artistic AR were carried out, also when the activities were directed by an expert or by a combination of direction by someone else and by self-direction of the participant. Likewise, the benefit was greater in the population characterized by their age or academic condition. These findings could be used in formal education, during the professional preparation of undergraduate and graduate students from the School of Physical Education and Sports and the Professional Master's Degree in Recreation from the University of Costa Rica, so that they consider them when planning and implementing Practice recreation programs that seek to promote the self-esteem of the participating population. Also, non-formal education of teachers, research staff and participants in recreational programs who are interested in the subject can be encouraged. This project was part of INIE's Education and Sociocultural Contexts Program.
ABSTRACT: This research consisted in meta-analysis whose general objective was based on analyzing the effect of recreation on self-esteem and the possible variables that moderate it. The search for the articles in the nine databases concluded in June 2021. The inclusion criteria were: use of a structured recreational intervention to improve self-esteem, type of study design, population characteristics, Spanish or English languages in which the research was published and the descriptive statistics necessary to calculate the effect size (TE) were included. Research by year of publication was not excluded. The selection and coding of the studies was carried out independently by the two authors and they were later agreed upon. The quality of the research will be prolonged with the adaptation of the TESTEX scale. To calculate the ES, the intra-group design was obtained and to establish the individual ES and the global one, the Random Effects Model was used. Statistical analysis consisted of calculating the overall ES of the experimental group, control group, and comparison groups; in determining the heterogeneity through the Q and the inconsistency through the I2 and, in addition, in establishing the significance of the ES using the confidence intervals. To analyze the moderator variables, a subgroup analysis and meta-analytic regression were performed with the OpenMEE statistical program. In total, 55 investigations were included, which represented 3782 participants and 117 TE. The results indicated that the TE of the experimental group was significant, positive and with a moderate magnitude (ES= 0.70; p < 0.001; 95% CI = 0.51 to 0.88; Q = 489.84; I2= 89.48%). In the case of the control group and the comparison groups, the ES was low and not significant. In addition, it was found that the type of recreational activity (RA), the condition of the sample, and the type of AR direction were variables that significantly moderated the ES of self-esteem. In conclusion, people of both sexes and between the ages of 9.5 and 79 who participated in recreational programs obtained an improvement in global self-esteem. This benefit was greater when physical and artistic AR were carried out, also when the activities were directed by an expert or by a combination of direction by someone else and by self-direction of the participant. Likewise, the benefit was greater in the population characterized by their age or academic condition. These findings could be used in formal education, during the professional preparation of undergraduate and graduate students from the School of Physical Education and Sports and the Professional Master's Degree in Recreation from the University of Costa Rica, so that they consider them when planning and implementing Practice recreation programs that seek to promote the self-esteem of the participating population. Also, non-formal education of teachers, research staff and participants in recreational programs who are interested in the subject can be encouraged. This project was part of INIE's Education and Sociocultural Contexts Program.
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Salud mental, Actividad de tiempo libre, Respeto de sí mi mismo, Mental health, Free time activity, Self-respect