Gestión educativa para la transición exitosa del modelo tradicional de educación costarricense hacia la modalidad educativa basada en el enfoque por competencias
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2018
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INIE
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La investigación tuvo por objetivo promover centros educativos de calidad mediante la formulación de una propuesta de gestión educativa que contenga los elementos epistemológicos y metodológicos fundamentales para la transición exitosa del modelo tradicional de la educación costarricense hacia la modalidad educativa basada en el enfoque por competencias, para contribuir al mejoramiento de la educación costarricense.
Para iniciar la ejecución del proyecto se realizó una investigación teórica sobre la fundamentación del enfoque por competencias, lo que permitió sentar las bases y conocimientos para la reflexión que se realizó posteriormente con las personas docentes, las personas coordinadoras técnicos y con la empresa y directores. Con el fin de conocer el proceso de transición de un modelo educativo tradicional a una modalidad educativa se trabajó con cuatro colegios técnico profesionales.
En estos cuatro colegios se realizó un taller participativo con docentes y entrevistas a los coordinadores técnicos y se conversó con dos directores sobre las temáticas encontradas en los talleres. En cada colegio se formó grupos de 10 a 15 profesores. Este proceso permitió identificar que las dificultades en la implementación del enfoque por competencias se encontraban en el proceso de enseñanza y aprendizaje y en la comprensión de las personas docentes de este, tanto en su fundamentación, implementación y evaluación, por lo que se propone realizar una guía de aula, que le permita a las personas docentes contar con material, mediante el cual puedan conocer qué es una competencia, cómo se forma y cómo se evalúa.
Cuando se planteó el proyecto se pretendía validar la guía con el profesorado participante en los talleres, no obstante, al expresar ellos mismos sus necesidades de comprensión respecto al enfoque por competencias, la guía se validó en un taller con los asesores técnicos de la Dirección de Educación Técnica y de Capacidades Emprendedoras del MEP. Entre las conclusiones se mencionan las siguientes:
• Más que establecer un listado de directrices o lineamientos sobre cómo debe de llevarse a cabo el proceso pedagógico en torno al tema del enfoque por competencias, este apartado procura dar cuenta de algunos elementos que derivan de la experiencia investigativa realizada, señalando las potencialidades y limitaciones encontradas, desde la experiencia teórica y práctica de las y los docentes en los centros educativos, así como las dinámicas acaecidas en términos de incorporar e implementar el EBNC.
• Sin lugar a dudas más que cerrar este proceso derivado de la investigación, se hace necesario reflexionar sobre las formas –o nuevas formas- en que se operacionalizan y significan los contenidos y los espacios de acción, así como se trazan nuevas rutas que amplíen en el análisis del tema, y en tanto su virtual incidencia en los centros educativos y en la población estudiantil.
• En primer lugar, -y siguiendo a Castillo y Cabrerizo (2010)-, hablar de competencias, ha sido un ejercicio muy complejo, dado el carácter polisémico y cargado de confusión del concepto; por lo que sería bastante común que tanto docentes como centros educativos, no posean una claridad suficiente para delinear los contenidos y las formas en que se suponen deben enseñarse las competencias.
ABSTRACT: The objective of the research was to promote quality educational centers through a proposal for educational management that contains epistemological and methodological elements important for the successful transition from the traditional model of Costa Rican education to an educational approach based on competencies in order to contribute to the improvement of Costa Rican education. To begin the execution of the project, a review of the literature on the rationale of the competencies approach was conducted, which allowed to set the foundation and knowledge for the reflection done afterwards with teachers, technicial coordinators, and with the company and directors. With the purpose of understanding the transition process from a traditional educational model to a learning modality, four vocational high schools were selected. A participatory workshop with teachers was carried out in these four high schools, as well as interviews with technical coordinators, and the issues found in these workshops were discussed with both school directors. In each school, groups were formed of 10 to 15 teachers. This process allowed to identify that the difficulties in the implementation of the competency-based approach were already in the learning and teaching process, and in the teachers' understanding of it in terms of its rationale, implementation and evaluation, which is why it was proposed to create a classroom guide to allow teachers to have material through which they can learn what a competency is, how to teach it, and how it is assessed. When the project was proposed, it was intended to validate the guide with the participating teachers in the workshops, however, by having teachers express their need to understand the competency-based approach, the guide was validated in a workshop with the technical advisers of the Directorate of Technical Education and Entrepreneurial Skills of the MEP. Among the findings, the following are mentioned: • Rather than establishing a list of guidelines on how the pedagogical processes should be carried out regarding the issue of the competence approach, this section seeks to give an account of some elements that derive from the conducted research experience pointing out the potential and limitations found from the teachers' theoretical and practical experience as well as the dynamics that took place in terms of incorporating and implementing the EBNC. • Without a doubt, beyond closing this process which came from the research, it is necessary to reflect on the ways, or new ways, in which they operate and represent the contents and spaces. In addition, new paths are planned that broaden the analysis of the topic, and its virtual impact in the educational center and the student population. • In the first place, and according to Castillo and Cabrerizo (2010), to speak of skills has been very complex given the polysemic nature and confusion of the concept; so it would be quite common for both teachers and educational centers to not have enough clarity to outline the contents and the ways to supposedly teach the skills.
ABSTRACT: The objective of the research was to promote quality educational centers through a proposal for educational management that contains epistemological and methodological elements important for the successful transition from the traditional model of Costa Rican education to an educational approach based on competencies in order to contribute to the improvement of Costa Rican education. To begin the execution of the project, a review of the literature on the rationale of the competencies approach was conducted, which allowed to set the foundation and knowledge for the reflection done afterwards with teachers, technicial coordinators, and with the company and directors. With the purpose of understanding the transition process from a traditional educational model to a learning modality, four vocational high schools were selected. A participatory workshop with teachers was carried out in these four high schools, as well as interviews with technical coordinators, and the issues found in these workshops were discussed with both school directors. In each school, groups were formed of 10 to 15 teachers. This process allowed to identify that the difficulties in the implementation of the competency-based approach were already in the learning and teaching process, and in the teachers' understanding of it in terms of its rationale, implementation and evaluation, which is why it was proposed to create a classroom guide to allow teachers to have material through which they can learn what a competency is, how to teach it, and how it is assessed. When the project was proposed, it was intended to validate the guide with the participating teachers in the workshops, however, by having teachers express their need to understand the competency-based approach, the guide was validated in a workshop with the technical advisers of the Directorate of Technical Education and Entrepreneurial Skills of the MEP. Among the findings, the following are mentioned: • Rather than establishing a list of guidelines on how the pedagogical processes should be carried out regarding the issue of the competence approach, this section seeks to give an account of some elements that derive from the conducted research experience pointing out the potential and limitations found from the teachers' theoretical and practical experience as well as the dynamics that took place in terms of incorporating and implementing the EBNC. • Without a doubt, beyond closing this process which came from the research, it is necessary to reflect on the ways, or new ways, in which they operate and represent the contents and spaces. In addition, new paths are planned that broaden the analysis of the topic, and its virtual impact in the educational center and the student population. • In the first place, and according to Castillo and Cabrerizo (2010), to speak of skills has been very complex given the polysemic nature and confusion of the concept; so it would be quite common for both teachers and educational centers to not have enough clarity to outline the contents and the ways to supposedly teach the skills.
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CALIDAD DE LA EDUCACIÓN, COMPETENCIA PROFESIONAL, ENSEÑANZA TÉCNICA, GESTIÓN EDUCATIVA, QUALITY OF EDUCATION, PROFESSIONAL COMPETENCE, TECHNICAL EDUCATION, EDUCATIONAL MANAGEMENT