Implicaciones educativas del estudio intertextual del cuento de hadas en autoras y autores costarricenses de literatura infantil.
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2011
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INIE
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Los cuentos de hadas se distinguen por su antigüedad y su ambigua procedencia. La literatura infantil costarricense, en su etapa inicial comprendida entre 1920 y 1975, se caracterizó por ser escrita por maestras y maestros y por fundamentarse en los cuentos de hadas de origen lejano. A partir de 1975, con la creación del Premio Carmen Lyra de Literatura Infantil y Juvenil, aparecieron autores y autoras que se alejaron de los discursos motivados en esos cuentos maravillosos y se orientaron hacia textos urbanos, que reflejaban problemáticas de la niñez contemporánea. Con base en un enfoque cualitativo, se pretende entrevistar a personas que se dedican a escribir literatura infantil para vislumbrar el papel que juegan los cuentos de hadas como texto educativo y tratar de encontrar prácticas, en sus maestras y maestros, que propician la formación de personas lectoras. Se examinan los efectos de la lectura de cuentos de hadas en los autores y autoras costarricenses, con el propósito de crear teoría que pueda tener implicaciones prácticas en la realidad educativa. Los datos se obtienen por medio de entrevistas en profundidad, entrevistas grupales y el análisis de los libros de cuentos de hadas leídos y guardados por las personas. Como se trata de conocer fragmentos de la vida de los creadores y creadoras de literatura dirigida a la niñez, se sugiere recurrir a una población de expertos, personas que a partir de su vivencia como escritoras, ilustradoras, narradoras orales o investigadoras tienen experiencias y vínculos con la lectura de textos literarios. Entre las conclusiones obtenidas en este estudio se encuentran las siguientes:
Las escritoras y escritores costarricenses que elaboraron obras categorizadas como literatura “infantil” en el período 1920-1975 fundamentaron su discurso en los cuentos maravillosos o cuentos de hadas, cuyos orígenes se pierden en tiempos remotos, tal como lo estudiara Propp. Entre estos autores cabe destacar la obra de Carmen Lyra, Carlos Luis Sáenz, María Leal de Noguera y Lilia Ramos, personas que aparte de su labor artística se dedicaron a la educación.
Resulta fundamental la labor de Joaquín García Monge como editor y promotor de la literatura infantil costarricense ya que fue el fundador y promotor de la Cátedra de Literatura en la Escuela Normal de Costa Rica y a él se le debe la edición de las primeras obras costarricenses dedicadas a la niñez. Por lo tanto se puede expresar que el Sr. García Monge creó un ideario sobre literatura infantil nacional, enclavada en el folclore europeo y latinoamericano.
Es posible determinar un juego intertextual entre la visión de los cuentos de hadas y el folclore, recreada por la factoría Disney y la literatura costarricense escrita en el período 1920 – 1975. Tal juego se observa en el personaje de tío Conejo, creado por Carmen Lyra con base en la idea del personaje de la literatura norteamericana, de origen africano, Brer Rabbit, recreado por Disney en la película Canción del Sur (1946), así como en múltiples referencias al largometraje Blancanieves (1937).
ABSTRACT: Fairy tales are distinguished by their antiquity and ambiguous origin. Costa Rican children's literature in its initial stage between 1920 and 1975 was characterized for being written by teachers and based on fairy tales of distant origin. Beginning in 1975 with the creation of the Carmen Lyra Award for Children's and Youth Literature, authors who turned away from motivational discourse of these fantastic stories and steered towards urban texts that reflected problems of contemporary childhood began to appear. Based on a qualitative approach, the aim is to interview people who write children's literature in order to understand the role of fairy tales as educational texts and attempt to find teacher practices that encourage learners. The effects of reading fairy tales in Costa Rican authors were analyzed with the purpose of establishing a theory that could have practical implications in the educational system. The data is obtained through in-depth interviews, group interviews and the analysis of fairy tales that people have read and kept. Therefore, as it a matter of knowing parts of the lives of the creators of literature for children, turning to a group of experts is suggested; these experts from their experience as writers, illustrators, oral storytellers or researchers have experiences and bonds with the reading of literary texts. The findings of this study include the following: • The Costa Rican writers, who produced works categorized as "childish" literature between 1920-1975, based their discourse on fantastic stories or fairy tales whose origin is lost in remote times such as Propp studies. Among these authors, it is worth noting the work of Carmen Lyra, Carlos Luis Sáenz, María Leal de Noguera and Lilia Ramos who in addition to their artistic work, were dedicated to education. • The work of Joaquín García Monge as editor and promoter of Costa Rican children's literature is fundamental since he was founder and promoter of the Literature Department at the Normal School of Costa Rica, and is owed the editing of the first Costa Rican works for children. It can therefore be said that Mr. García Monge was the creator of ideology on national children's literature nestled in European and Latin American folklore. • An inter-textual game can be determined between the understanding of fairy tales and folklore recreated by the Disney mill and Costa Rican literature written between 1920 – 1975. Such a game is seen in the character of Uncle Rabbit created by Carmen Lyra which was based on an American literary character of African origin, Brer Rabbit, which in turn was recreated by Disney in its film Songs of the South (1946), in addition to other multiple references from the feature film Snow White (1937).
ABSTRACT: Fairy tales are distinguished by their antiquity and ambiguous origin. Costa Rican children's literature in its initial stage between 1920 and 1975 was characterized for being written by teachers and based on fairy tales of distant origin. Beginning in 1975 with the creation of the Carmen Lyra Award for Children's and Youth Literature, authors who turned away from motivational discourse of these fantastic stories and steered towards urban texts that reflected problems of contemporary childhood began to appear. Based on a qualitative approach, the aim is to interview people who write children's literature in order to understand the role of fairy tales as educational texts and attempt to find teacher practices that encourage learners. The effects of reading fairy tales in Costa Rican authors were analyzed with the purpose of establishing a theory that could have practical implications in the educational system. The data is obtained through in-depth interviews, group interviews and the analysis of fairy tales that people have read and kept. Therefore, as it a matter of knowing parts of the lives of the creators of literature for children, turning to a group of experts is suggested; these experts from their experience as writers, illustrators, oral storytellers or researchers have experiences and bonds with the reading of literary texts. The findings of this study include the following: • The Costa Rican writers, who produced works categorized as "childish" literature between 1920-1975, based their discourse on fantastic stories or fairy tales whose origin is lost in remote times such as Propp studies. Among these authors, it is worth noting the work of Carmen Lyra, Carlos Luis Sáenz, María Leal de Noguera and Lilia Ramos who in addition to their artistic work, were dedicated to education. • The work of Joaquín García Monge as editor and promoter of Costa Rican children's literature is fundamental since he was founder and promoter of the Literature Department at the Normal School of Costa Rica, and is owed the editing of the first Costa Rican works for children. It can therefore be said that Mr. García Monge was the creator of ideology on national children's literature nestled in European and Latin American folklore. • An inter-textual game can be determined between the understanding of fairy tales and folklore recreated by the Disney mill and Costa Rican literature written between 1920 – 1975. Such a game is seen in the character of Uncle Rabbit created by Carmen Lyra which was based on an American literary character of African origin, Brer Rabbit, which in turn was recreated by Disney in its film Songs of the South (1946), in addition to other multiple references from the feature film Snow White (1937).
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LITERATURA, LITERATURA INFANTIL, EDUCACIÓN, CUENTO, COSTA RICA, LITERATURE, CHILDREN'S LITERATURE, EDUCATION, STORIES