El autismo en Costa Rica, mitos y realidades.
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2009
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INIE
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Esta investigación tiene como objetivos, elaborar un documento que presente las creencias más frecuentes de padres, y profesionales sobre el autismo en Costa Rica; reforzar los aspectos (creencias) con sustento científico, aclarando y ampliando en aquellos en donde se encuentran errores que distorsionen la percepción de las características del síndrome y de las personas que lo portan, además del tratamiento de las misma; y elaborar dos manuales uno básico para padres que oriente, al menos en los primeros pasos del proceso de educación y tratamiento de sus hijos e hijas con autismo y el otro que oriente, en cuanto al manejo conductual, a los profesionales que atienden a la población con autismo. Para la elaboración de este documento, durante los meses de febrero, marzo, abril del 2006, se llevó a cabo una investigación bibliográfica sobre las diferentes publicaciones tanto dentro como fuera del país en relación con el síndrome del autismo. Dentro de los temas revisados se apuntan:
a) El desarrollo del concepto a través de las diferentes épocas, tomando como punto de partida el año
1943, cuando es descrito por Leo Kanner y su evolución hasta nuestros días, pasando por las diferentes
definiciones como:
1. El autismo como trastorno emocional
2. El autismo como trastorno neurológico y
3. Diferentes teorías que pudiesen dar una explicación del autismo desde una condición neurobiológica
dentro de las que citamos: el espectro autista, las teorías de la mente y el autismo como trastorno de la
función ejecutiva.
b) Revisión de investigaciones realizadas con padres y documentos específicos sobre el entrenamiento a
padres.
Como parte de los procedimientos empleados, se encuestaron a padres y madres de diferentes zonas del país.
Se brindaron asesoramientos, y charlas tanto a padres como a maestros. El resultado de esta investigación
se canaliza hacia la confección de dos instrumentos que sirvieron como base para elaborar un cuestionario
para maestros y maestras y un cuestionario para padres y madres de familia. Entre los logros obtenidos de
este proyecto se encuentran dos publicaciones: Manual para padres: modificación de conducta y Manual para maestros: manejo de conducta-lectura. Como beneficio académico, es la primera investigación que se hace en Costa Rica, sobre autismo en este nivel, y esto permite ir elaborando un perfil de las personas, sus familias y profesionales que trabajan en el campo; cómo perciben esta discapacidad y cómo se relacionan estas persona.
ABSTRACT: This research has as objectives, to elaborate a document which presents the most frequent beliefs of parents, and professionals about the autism in Costa Rica; reinforce the aspects (beliefs) with scientific support, clarifying and expanding on those where errors are distorting founded , the perception on this syndrome caracteristics and the people who suffer from it , as well as the treatment given to them; in like manner, the elaboration of two basic manuals to guide the parents , at least in the first stages of the process of education and treatment for their children which are sufferings from autism alike to guide them, in terms of behavioral management. . For the preparation of this document, which lasted for February, March, April 2006, a bibliographical research was carried out based on different publications both inside and outside the country in relation to autism syndrome. Among the topics reviewed are: a) The development of the concept through the different periods, taking as a start point the year 1943, when autism was described by Leo Kanner and his evolution to nowadays, going through the different definitions as follow: 1. Autism as an emotional disorder 2. Autism as a neurological disorder 3. Different theories that could provide an explanation of autism as a neurobiological condition as follow: the autistic spectrum, theories of the mind and autism as a disorder of the executive function. b) Review of the research conducted with parents and specific documents about parents training . As part of the used procedures , participant parents were invited from different areas of the country. Advices and chats were given to both parents and teachers. The result of this research is focused towards the preparation of two instruments wich were developed as the basis for developing a questionnaire for teachers and a questionnaire for parents. Among the achievements of this project are two publications: Parents Handbook: Behavior Modification and Teacher Handbook: Behavior-Reading Management. As an academic benefit, this is the first research carried out in Costa Rica about the autism topic at this level, and this allow us to develop a profile of people who suffers from it, their families and professional working in the field; how they perceive this disability and how these people are related to the syndrom.
ABSTRACT: This research has as objectives, to elaborate a document which presents the most frequent beliefs of parents, and professionals about the autism in Costa Rica; reinforce the aspects (beliefs) with scientific support, clarifying and expanding on those where errors are distorting founded , the perception on this syndrome caracteristics and the people who suffer from it , as well as the treatment given to them; in like manner, the elaboration of two basic manuals to guide the parents , at least in the first stages of the process of education and treatment for their children which are sufferings from autism alike to guide them, in terms of behavioral management. . For the preparation of this document, which lasted for February, March, April 2006, a bibliographical research was carried out based on different publications both inside and outside the country in relation to autism syndrome. Among the topics reviewed are: a) The development of the concept through the different periods, taking as a start point the year 1943, when autism was described by Leo Kanner and his evolution to nowadays, going through the different definitions as follow: 1. Autism as an emotional disorder 2. Autism as a neurological disorder 3. Different theories that could provide an explanation of autism as a neurobiological condition as follow: the autistic spectrum, theories of the mind and autism as a disorder of the executive function. b) Review of the research conducted with parents and specific documents about parents training . As part of the used procedures , participant parents were invited from different areas of the country. Advices and chats were given to both parents and teachers. The result of this research is focused towards the preparation of two instruments wich were developed as the basis for developing a questionnaire for teachers and a questionnaire for parents. Among the achievements of this project are two publications: Parents Handbook: Behavior Modification and Teacher Handbook: Behavior-Reading Management. As an academic benefit, this is the first research carried out in Costa Rica about the autism topic at this level, and this allow us to develop a profile of people who suffers from it, their families and professional working in the field; how they perceive this disability and how these people are related to the syndrom.
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ENFERMEDADES MENTALES, AUTISMO, COSTA RICA, MENTAL DISEASES, AUTISM