El sistema de promoción en la educación media: criterio de la comunidad educativa.
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2013
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INIE
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Este proyecto de investigación tiene como objetivo general: Analizar la opinión que tiene la comunidad educativa sobre la “Reforma de las Normas reguladoras de la promoción y repitencia del Sistema Educativo Costarricense”, lo que implicó un cambio en el sistema de promoción de los estudiantes de educación secundaria, y en aspectos curriculares, pedagógicos y de gestión administrativa. Para lograr este objetivo se realizó una investigación descriptiva de tipo exploratorio. El estudio inició con una revisión bibliográfica sobre el tema, se revisó el Plan Nacional de Desarrollo Educativo (1971) que había propuesto el “Sistema de Arrastre” para la evaluación y promoción del estudiantado, lo cual implicaba la promoción por ciclo, al final del I, II y III ciclo de la Educación General Básica, con el propósito de que el alumnado se recuperara mediante una atención especial en el momento oportuno y bajo la tutela de una o un docente asignado. Asimismo se analizaron los documentos emanados por el Ministerio de Educación Pública sobre el Sistema de Promoción de la Educación Media (SPEM) que se basa en la “Reforma de las Normas reguladoras de la promoción y repitencia del Sistema Educativo Costarricense”, también actas del Consejo Superior de Educación, investigaciones, artículos, libros sobre el tema.
Con el propósito de conocer el criterio de la comunidad educativa sobre el SPEM se contó con la participación de personal de dirección, orientación, docente; estudiantes, familias de dos instituciones de educación secundaria públicas. También participaron autoridades del Ministerio de Educación Pública, docentes agremiados a la Asociación Nacional de Educadores (ANDE) y docentes universitarias. La información se recolectó mediante cuestionarios, entrevistas y grupos focal.
Los resultados del estudio señalan como aspecto positivo del SPEM que el estudiante únicamente tenga que repetir la materia que reprobó y pueda adelantar materias, sin embargo esto ha implicado dificultades en la práctica pedagógica y en el manejo administrativo de las instituciones educativas con consecuencias negativas para la población estudiantil, el personal docente y las familias, ya que la puesta en práctica de esta reforma repercute en el ámbito de la acción educativa, y en las relaciones docente estudiante, centro educativo-estudiante-familia, docente-gestión administrativa, docente- políticas educativas, relaciones fundamentales para que cualquier propuesta curricular resulte significativa y relevante.
La mayoría de los participantes valoran negativamente el SPEM porque afecta al estudiantado debido a que siempre va a tener que cursar uno o dos años más, deambulan en la institución o se escapan, no asisten a clases, no se sienten parte de un grupo, aumenta la violencia y las pandillas. Desde la perspectiva de los actores, se considera que este Sistema no cumple con las expectativas para lo que fue propuesto debido a que el interés se dirige a aumentar los porcentajes de permanencia de la población estudiantil en la institución, más que al mejoramiento de la calidad de la educación que reciben. El SPEM no ha contribuido a que el estudiante enriquezca su aprendizaje ni a mejorar la calidad de los procesos de enseñanza y aprendizaje que se desarrollan en los centros educativos, por lo que debe analizarse y replantearse.
ABSTRACT: The general objective of this research project is: to analyze the opinion of the educational community on the "Reform of the Governing Regulations on Promotion and Retention of the Costa Rican Educational System", which involved a change in the promotion system of high school students, and in curricular, pedagogical and administrative management aspects. To achieve this objective, a descriptive exploratory investigation was carried out. The study began with a bibliographical review on the subject; the National Plan of Educational Development (1971) that had proposed the "System of Carry Over" for the evaluation and promotion of the students, which involves the promotion by cycle, at the end of I, II and III cycle of the General Basic Education with the purpose of having students improve through remedial work at the opportune time and under the responsibility of an assigned teacher. Likewise, the documents from the Ministry of Education on the Promotion System of Secondary Education (SPEM) which is based on the "Reform of Governing Regulations of the Promotion and Retention of the Costa Rican Educational System" were analyzed as well as the minutes from the Council of Superior Education, research articles, articles, books on the topic. In order to know the criterion of the educational community on the SPEM, administrative, orientation, and teaching staff, as well students, and families of both institutions of public secondary education participated. Authorities from the Ministry of Public Education, teachers members of the National Association of Educators (ANDE) and university professors also participated. Information was collected through questionnaires, interviews and focus groups. The results of the study indicate as a positive aspect of SPEM that the student only has to repeat the failed subject and can continue with other subjects. However, this has brought about difficulties in pedagogical practices and administrative management of the schools with negative consequences for students, teachers and families since implementing this reform has repercussions in educational actions and in relationships between teacher-student, school-student-family, teacher-administrative management, and teacher-educational policies which are fundamental relationships for any curricular proposal to be significant and relevant. Most participants negatively view SPEM because it affects students; they would have to study one or two more years; they wander around or cut school; they do not attend class; they do not feel part of a group; it increases violence and gangs. From the perspective of the actors, it is considered that this system does not comply with the expectations for which it was proposed since the focus is on increasing the percentage of permanence of the student population in school rather than improving the quality of education they receive. The SPEM has not contributed to enrich students' learning nor improve the quality of the teaching and learning processes that are developed in schools which is why it should be analyzed and reframed.
ABSTRACT: The general objective of this research project is: to analyze the opinion of the educational community on the "Reform of the Governing Regulations on Promotion and Retention of the Costa Rican Educational System", which involved a change in the promotion system of high school students, and in curricular, pedagogical and administrative management aspects. To achieve this objective, a descriptive exploratory investigation was carried out. The study began with a bibliographical review on the subject; the National Plan of Educational Development (1971) that had proposed the "System of Carry Over" for the evaluation and promotion of the students, which involves the promotion by cycle, at the end of I, II and III cycle of the General Basic Education with the purpose of having students improve through remedial work at the opportune time and under the responsibility of an assigned teacher. Likewise, the documents from the Ministry of Education on the Promotion System of Secondary Education (SPEM) which is based on the "Reform of Governing Regulations of the Promotion and Retention of the Costa Rican Educational System" were analyzed as well as the minutes from the Council of Superior Education, research articles, articles, books on the topic. In order to know the criterion of the educational community on the SPEM, administrative, orientation, and teaching staff, as well students, and families of both institutions of public secondary education participated. Authorities from the Ministry of Public Education, teachers members of the National Association of Educators (ANDE) and university professors also participated. Information was collected through questionnaires, interviews and focus groups. The results of the study indicate as a positive aspect of SPEM that the student only has to repeat the failed subject and can continue with other subjects. However, this has brought about difficulties in pedagogical practices and administrative management of the schools with negative consequences for students, teachers and families since implementing this reform has repercussions in educational actions and in relationships between teacher-student, school-student-family, teacher-administrative management, and teacher-educational policies which are fundamental relationships for any curricular proposal to be significant and relevant. Most participants negatively view SPEM because it affects students; they would have to study one or two more years; they wander around or cut school; they do not attend class; they do not feel part of a group; it increases violence and gangs. From the perspective of the actors, it is considered that this system does not comply with the expectations for which it was proposed since the focus is on increasing the percentage of permanence of the student population in school rather than improving the quality of education they receive. The SPEM has not contributed to enrich students' learning nor improve the quality of the teaching and learning processes that are developed in schools which is why it should be analyzed and reframed.
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SECONDARY EDUCATION, EVALUATION, PERFORMANCE, EDUCATION REFORM, REFORMA A LA EDUCACIÓN, EDUCACIÓN SECUNDARIA, EVALUACIÓN, RENDIMIENTO ACADÉMICO