Formas de lucha y organización de las maestras costarricenses: 1930 - 1940.
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2000
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IIMEC
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Con el objetivo de recuperar la historia de los movimientos sociales y las formas de lucha de las maestras costarricenses durante el período comprendido entre 1930-1940, además de analizar los
niveles de conflicto, el patrón de protesta social, la acción contestataria, la problemática de la educación y del género, la respuesta estatal y las formas de represión, y los aportes de las maestras costarricenses en el campo organizativo y de lucha, la investigadora revisó varias fuentes escritas y realizó entrevistas a alumnas de las maestras involucradas. La década de 1930-1940 se caracteriza por un proceso social dinámico, contradictorio, cargado de prejuicios y moldes patriarcales, en el cual las maestras encuentran la posibilidad de trasgresión, lucha y transformación. El informe se divide en cinco capítulos. En el capítulo I se abordan las principales corrientes de pensamiento de la época ligados a las luchas emprendidas por las maestras: el pensamiento teosófico (promovido por varios de los educadores que trabajaban en la Escuela Normal y que se lo transmitieron a las estudiantes de dicha institución, junto con la teoría de la evolución y las ideas de una educación mixta), y la corriente liberal (que concibe la educación como factor eficiente del desarrollo social y agente fundamental para lograr la modernización capitalista).
El segundo capítulo se centra en los antecedentes de la lucha y la organización, como la formación y beligerancia de la Escuela Normal, el Colegio Superior de Señoritas y la Liga Feminista. El capítulo III trata sobre las maestras en la década del treinta y su participación en relación con las repercusiones de la crisis económica de 1929, el debilitamiento de las condiciones de trabajo, y la situación subordinada de la mujer con respecto al hombre. El capítulo IV aborda el tema de las maestras y su militancia comunista y rescata la labor de destacadas intelectuales del calibre de Carmen Lyra y Luisa González. Se enfatiza, además, la importancia que esta asociación tuvo para alcanzar el derecho al voto femenino y la crítica al sistema educativo, así como la represión estatal que sufrieron quienes fueron políticamente activas. Por último, el capítulo V reseña el papel de las maestras en la lucha por el sufragio femenino y la importancia sobresaliente de la Liga Feminista, y se resaltan las contradicciones del movimiento, como la exclusión de los sectores populares y la defensa de valores tradicionales promovidos por la sociedad patriarcal: el nacionalismo, el legalismo y el papel maternal de la mujer en el hogar.
ABSTRACT: With the objective of recovering the history of the social movement and the struggles of Costa Rican teachers during the period between 1930-1940, as well as to analyzing the levels of conflict, the pattern of social protest, the response, the problems of education and gender, the response from government and the forms of repression, and the contributions of Costa Rican teachers in the regards to organization and struggles, the researcher revised several written sources and conducted interviews with students of the teachers involved. The decade of 1930-1940 is characterized by a dynamic, contradictory social process charged with patriarchal prejudices and patterns, in which the teachers found the possibility of transgression, fight and transformation. The report is divided into five chapters. Chapter I deals with the main currents of thought of the time which were linked to the struggles undertaken by the teachers: the Theosophical thought promoted by several educators from the "Escuela Normal" (Normal School) and who passed this on to the students of said institution along with the theory of evolution and the ideas of mixed education, and the liberal current which believes education as an efficient factor for social development and a fundamental agent to achieve capitalist modernization. The second chapter focuses on the background of the struggle and the organization as the way of teaching and belligerence of the "Escuela Normal", the "Colegio Superior de Señoritas" (School for Young Ladies) and the feminist league. Chapter III is about the teachers of thirties and their participation regarding the impact of the economic crisis of 1929, the weakening of the work conditions, and the subordinate status of women with respect to men. Chapter IV addresses the issue of teachers and their militant communism, and points out the work of prominent intellectuals at the caliber of Carmen Lyra and Luisa González. It also emphasized the importance that this association had to achieve the right to vote for women and the criticism of the educational system as well as the repression of State suffered by those who were politically active. Finally, chapter V outlines the role of female teachers in the fight for women's suffrage and the outstanding importance of the Feminist League, and highlights the contradictions of the movement such as the exclusion of the popular sector and the protection of traditional values promoted by patriarchal society: nationalism, legalism and the women's maternal role at home.
ABSTRACT: With the objective of recovering the history of the social movement and the struggles of Costa Rican teachers during the period between 1930-1940, as well as to analyzing the levels of conflict, the pattern of social protest, the response, the problems of education and gender, the response from government and the forms of repression, and the contributions of Costa Rican teachers in the regards to organization and struggles, the researcher revised several written sources and conducted interviews with students of the teachers involved. The decade of 1930-1940 is characterized by a dynamic, contradictory social process charged with patriarchal prejudices and patterns, in which the teachers found the possibility of transgression, fight and transformation. The report is divided into five chapters. Chapter I deals with the main currents of thought of the time which were linked to the struggles undertaken by the teachers: the Theosophical thought promoted by several educators from the "Escuela Normal" (Normal School) and who passed this on to the students of said institution along with the theory of evolution and the ideas of mixed education, and the liberal current which believes education as an efficient factor for social development and a fundamental agent to achieve capitalist modernization. The second chapter focuses on the background of the struggle and the organization as the way of teaching and belligerence of the "Escuela Normal", the "Colegio Superior de Señoritas" (School for Young Ladies) and the feminist league. Chapter III is about the teachers of thirties and their participation regarding the impact of the economic crisis of 1929, the weakening of the work conditions, and the subordinate status of women with respect to men. Chapter IV addresses the issue of teachers and their militant communism, and points out the work of prominent intellectuals at the caliber of Carmen Lyra and Luisa González. It also emphasized the importance that this association had to achieve the right to vote for women and the criticism of the educational system as well as the repression of State suffered by those who were politically active. Finally, chapter V outlines the role of female teachers in the fight for women's suffrage and the outstanding importance of the Feminist League, and highlights the contradictions of the movement such as the exclusion of the popular sector and the protection of traditional values promoted by patriarchal society: nationalism, legalism and the women's maternal role at home.
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ORGANIZACIONES FEMENINAS, GÉNERO, HISTORIA DE LA EDUCACIÓN, MAESTRAS, COSTA RICA, WOMEN'S ORGANIZATIONS, GENDER, HISTORY OF EDUCATION, TEACHERS, COSTA RICA