Líderes futuros: su percepción del envejecimiento
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1994
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IIMEC
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La finalidad de esta investigación consiste en conocer los prejuicios y estereotipos que manejan los estudiantes universitarios de carreras de servicio ( como Trabajo social, Enfermería y Psicología, entre otras) sobre la persona mayor y el proceso de envejecimiento, pues como fututos líderes del campo gerontológico en Costa Rica, son ellos quienes formularán las políticas y programas de atención al anciano, por lo cual es necesario saber cuál es su concepto sobre el adulto mayor, con el propósito de identificar aquellas ideas que pudieran perjudicar su labor como profesionales de ayuda. Otros objetivos del estudio son desarrollar e implementar programas de educación y sensibilización de la comunidad ante el envejecimiento y la persona mayor.
En el marco teórico del estudio se presenta una revisión de la literatura especializada sobre el tema, no sin antes aclarar que el envejecimiento es un proceso que no responde solo a factores biológicos, sino también a factores culturales, los cuales varían de una sociedad a otra. Esta revisión permite afirmar que, a pesar de que existen conceptos positivos sobre la vejez, la mayoría de los estereotipos sobre ella son peyorativos y producto de diferentes enfoques: el económico, el religioso, el administrativo, el psicológico-social y el de las imágenes mentales que produce la sociedad, entre las cuales se pueden citar la abominación del cuerpo, la estigmatización del carácter y el estigma tribal.
El estudio brinda también información estadística sobre la población de personas mayores en Costa Rica en lo referente a expectativas de vida, situación económica, educación, salud y actividades sociales. Además, tomando como base estudios previos sobre el tema, se afirma que en Costa Rica la interpretación y la descripción del envejecimiento se concentra en tres áreas: desempeño de papeles sociales, rasgos psicológicos y el aspecto físico.
Para realizar esta investigación, se realizó una entrevista dividida en tres secciones. La primera recoge información sociodemográfica de los sujetos en estudio; la segunda consiste en una pregunta general que busca respuestas a tres variables, a saber, características físicas, sociales y psicológicas; la tercera es una pregunta para conocer la opinión de los encuestados con respecto de sus experiencias sobre las diferencias de género al envejecer.
El instrumento se administró a una muestra de 109 estudiantes de las escuelas de Orientación y Educación Especial, de Psicología, de Trabajo Social, de Enfermería y de Educación primaria de la Universidad de Costa Rica.
El análisis de los datos se llevó a cabo con el programa PlanPerfect de Word Perfect, el cual permitió formar categorías de características específicas, así como diferenciar rasgos y caracteres opuestos. Estas categorías fueron sometidas a la opinión de especialistas, quienes actuaron como jueces. El proceso de categorización involucró tanto análisis cualitativo como cuantitativo. Los resultados de organizaron en cuadros que agrupan los datos estadísticos ya sistematizados.
Entre las conclusiones se establece que los prejuicios y estereotipos que los encuestados manejan sobre el adulto mayor se pueden agrupar en tres áreas: la física, la psicológica y la social.
Se afirma también que en Costa Rica el concepto cultural de envejecimiento se relaciona con cambios físicos, con la edad cronológica y con patrones de actividad. Se concluye, además, que los criterios sobre la vejez responden a visiones de género, nivel educativo y carrera de los encuestados. Finalmente, se ofrecen algunas recomendaciones sobre el perfil de los líderes gerontológico del futuro.
ABSTRACT: The purpose of this paper is to know the prejudices and stereotypes that university trainning students in service careers (such as social work, nursing and psychology, among others) handle about the elderly and the aging process, as future leaders in the gerontological field In Costa Rica, they are the ones who will formulate the policies and programs for the elderly, therefore it is necessary to know what their concept of the elderly is, in order to identify those ideas that could harm their work as aid professionals. Other objectives of the study are to develop and implement education and awareness programs for the community regarding aging and the elderly. In the theoretical framework of the study, a review of the specialized literature on the subject is presented, not without first clarifying that aging is a process that responds not only to biological factors, but also to cultural factors, which vary from society to society. This review confirms that, despite the existence of positive concepts about old age, most of the stereotypes about it are pejorative and are the product of different approaches: the economic, the religious, the administrative, the psychological-social and the image mental that society produces, among which we can mention the abomination of the body, the stigmatization of character and tribal stigma. The study also provides statistical information on the population of older people in Costa Rica in relation to life expectancy economic situation, education, health and social activities. Furthermore, based on previous studies on the subject, it is stated that in Costa Rica the interpretation and description of aging is concentrated in three areas: performance of social roles, psychological traits and physical appearance. To carry out this investigation, an interview was carried out divided into three sections. The first collects sociodemographic information on the subjects under study; The second consists of a general question that seeks answers to three variables, namely, physical, social, and psychological characteristics; The third is a question to find out the opinion of the respondents regarding their experiences on gender differences with aging. The instrument was administered to a sample of 109 students from the Counseling and Special Education, Psychology, Social Work, Nursing and Primary Education schools of the University of Costa Rica. The analysis of the data was carried out with the Word Perfect PlanPerfect program, which allowed to form categories of specific characteristics, as well as to differentiate opposite traits and characters. These categories were submitted to the opinion of specialists, who acted as judges. The categorization process involved both qualitative and quantitative analysis. The results were organized in tables that group already systematized statistical data. Among the conclusions, it is established that the prejudices and stereotypes that the respondents handle about the elderly can be grouped into three areas: physical, psychological and social. It is also stated that in Costa Rica the cultural concept of aging is related to physical changes, with chronological age and with activity patterns. It is also concluded that the criteria on old age respond to the respondents' views of gender, educational level and career. Finally, some recommendations are offered on the profile of future gerontological leaders.
ABSTRACT: The purpose of this paper is to know the prejudices and stereotypes that university trainning students in service careers (such as social work, nursing and psychology, among others) handle about the elderly and the aging process, as future leaders in the gerontological field In Costa Rica, they are the ones who will formulate the policies and programs for the elderly, therefore it is necessary to know what their concept of the elderly is, in order to identify those ideas that could harm their work as aid professionals. Other objectives of the study are to develop and implement education and awareness programs for the community regarding aging and the elderly. In the theoretical framework of the study, a review of the specialized literature on the subject is presented, not without first clarifying that aging is a process that responds not only to biological factors, but also to cultural factors, which vary from society to society. This review confirms that, despite the existence of positive concepts about old age, most of the stereotypes about it are pejorative and are the product of different approaches: the economic, the religious, the administrative, the psychological-social and the image mental that society produces, among which we can mention the abomination of the body, the stigmatization of character and tribal stigma. The study also provides statistical information on the population of older people in Costa Rica in relation to life expectancy economic situation, education, health and social activities. Furthermore, based on previous studies on the subject, it is stated that in Costa Rica the interpretation and description of aging is concentrated in three areas: performance of social roles, psychological traits and physical appearance. To carry out this investigation, an interview was carried out divided into three sections. The first collects sociodemographic information on the subjects under study; The second consists of a general question that seeks answers to three variables, namely, physical, social, and psychological characteristics; The third is a question to find out the opinion of the respondents regarding their experiences on gender differences with aging. The instrument was administered to a sample of 109 students from the Counseling and Special Education, Psychology, Social Work, Nursing and Primary Education schools of the University of Costa Rica. The analysis of the data was carried out with the Word Perfect PlanPerfect program, which allowed to form categories of specific characteristics, as well as to differentiate opposite traits and characters. These categories were submitted to the opinion of specialists, who acted as judges. The categorization process involved both qualitative and quantitative analysis. The results were organized in tables that group already systematized statistical data. Among the conclusions, it is established that the prejudices and stereotypes that the respondents handle about the elderly can be grouped into three areas: physical, psychological and social. It is also stated that in Costa Rica the cultural concept of aging is related to physical changes, with chronological age and with activity patterns. It is also concluded that the criteria on old age respond to the respondents' views of gender, educational level and career. Finally, some recommendations are offered on the profile of future gerontological leaders.
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ANCIANOS, ENVEJECIMIENTO, CALIDAD DE LA VIDA, MORTALIDAD, EDUCACIÓN, LIDERAZGO, ELDERLY, AGING, QUALITY OF LIFE, MORTALITY, EDUCATION, LEADERSHIP